Isikhwama sokupakisha esibuyisela emuvangesakhiwo se-BOPA//LDPE sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni kokhukhamba namahlumela oqalo.Izikhwama ezibilisiwe ze-BOPA//LDPE empeleni zinezidingo eziphezulu zenkomba yezobuchwepheshe.Nakuba isikali esithile samabhizinisi ezikhwama ezithambile singenza izikhwama ezibilisiwe, ikhwalithi nayo ayilingani, futhi amanye azoba nekhwalithi yenqwaba eyengeziwe.umbuzo.Lapha, leli phepha lihlaziya amaphuzu abalulekile ohlelweni lokukhiqiza lwezikhwama ezibilisiwe ze-BOPA//LDPE.
A. Ukukhethwa kwezinto
1. Ukukhethwa kwefilimu ye-BOPA
①Isenzo sokukhothama sefilimu enayiloni
Ifilimu ye-BOPA ingakhiqizwa ngendlela yokwelula ifilimu ye-tubular noma ngendiza ye-biaxial stretching method.Amafilimu enayiloni agxile ku-Biaxially akhiqizwa ngezindlela ezihlukene anemiphumela ehlukene yomnsalo, enomthelela omkhulu ekunembeni kokuphrinta ngokweqile kwefilimu kanye nokucaba kwesikhwama sokupakisha (kuhlanganise nokubukeka kwendawo yesikhwama ngaphambi nangemva kokubilisa).
Indlela eqondile yokuthola umphumela wokugoba wefilimu yenayiloni ukukala ukushwabana okushisayo kwe-diagonal.Singaphinda sihlole izinga lokushisa elimanzi lokuncipha kwefilimu yenayiloni ngokwezimo zangempela zokusetshenziswa zesikhwama esibilisiwe (ezifana no-100 ℃, 30min).Umehluko omncane phakathi kwezinga lokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-diagonal, ngcono ibhalansi yomkhiqizo;1.5%, ngeke kube khona i-arping angle ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwezikhwama.
② Izinhlobo zokuphakelwa kwemakethe
Ifilimu ye-BOPA ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: ibanga lokuphrinta kanye nebanga eliyinhlanganisela.Ibanga lokuphrinta lingasetshenziselwa ukuphrinta nezinqubo eziyinhlanganisela.Ibanga elihlanganisiwe linconywa kuphela kuzinqubo eziyinhlanganisela ezingadingi ukuphrinta.Ukujiya ngokuvamile 12μm, 15μm, 25μm izici ezimbili.I-15μm yefilimu eyinhlanganisela yokupakishwa eguquguqukayo, i-25μm ye-aluminiyamu ekheke ngendlela ebandayo yokufakwa kwemithi.Ifilimu ye-corona enezinhlangothi ezimbili kufanele isetshenziswe lapho isetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa phakathi nendawo kanye nezinjongo zokubilisa nokupheka.
③Izidingo zekhwalithi engukhiye yefilimu ye-BOPA
a.Uma isidingo se-flatness siphezulu, ifilimu enwetshiwe ehambisanayo enomphumela omncane womnsalo kufanele ikhethwe.
b.Ukudonsa phezulu kwefilimu ngu-≥50mN/m ukuqinisekisa ukushesha kokunamathela kukayinki.Ivelu yokucubungula ayinkulu kunengcono.
c.Khetha ifilimu evumelana nezimo ezinhle kumswakama ohlobene ukuze uqinisekise ukunemba kokuphrinta ngokweqile.
d.Khetha ifilimu ehlukahlukene enezinga elincane lokuncipha kokushisa (izinga lokuncipha kokushisa okumanzi).
2. Ukukhethwa kwesingqimba se-PE sokuvala ukushisa
Umehluko phakathi kwesikhwama esibilisiwe se-PE kanye ne-PE evamile: ① amandla okuvalwa okushisa angcono;② ukuvaleka kahle kokushisa kokufakwayo;→ Ikhwalithi yokuvala ukushisa okuzinzile;⑤ Obala okuhle, akukho streaks amanzi esobala;⑥ Awekho amehlo ezinhlanzi, ukungcola, amaphuzu ekristalu athinta ukusetshenziswa → Amabhamuza okubukeka, noma ukubhoboza ifilimu ye-PA → Ukusebenza kwesithiyo kwehlile, noma kwavela ukuvuza kwamafutha.Izici zokuqala ezintathu zekhwalithi zinqunywa ngokuyinhloko ukwakhiwa kwe-pellet kwesendlalelo ngasinye sefilimu ye-PE ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kokushaywa.
3. Ukukhethwa kukayinki wokunyathelisa
Oyinki abakhethekile be-polyurethane ngokuvamile basetshenziselwa ukuphrinta ifilimu enayiloni: ① Uchungechunge olungenayo i-Benzene kanye ne-ketone;② Uchungechunge olungenayo i-Benzene kanye ne-ketone.
Lapho ukhetha ama-inks wokuphrinta, naka lokhu:
①Ukukhethwa kokumelana kwamamodeli ombala, afana no-F1200 obomvu, 1500 obomvu, F1150 obomvu, F2610 obomvu begolide, F3700 osawolintshi, F4700 ophuzi omaphakathi noyinki oyinki oyinki we-polyurethane, kubonisiwe encwadini ukuthi angeke isetshenziselwe i-BOPA. /PE Ukuphrinta kwefilimu ebilisiwe ngokwesakhiwo, eminye imibala ayimelani nokubiliswa, futhi indwangu yombala kulula ukuyikhipha lapho amanzi ebilisiwe.
②Iyinki yegolide nesiliva kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuqapha.Ngoyinki wegolide nesiliva, imboni ye-inki ayincomi ukuyisebenzisela izinjongo zokubilisa emiyalweni, kodwa ezinye izikhwama zokufaka ezibilisiwe emakethe zisebenzisa imibala yegolide nesiliva.Umkhuba ojwayelekile ukubonana nefekthri ye-inki ukuze uthole ukwakheka kwefomula ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo, futhi Qaphela ukuthi ungaphrinti ngamabhulokhi anombala amakhulu.
③ Ifilimu enayiloni kufanele ibe nokushesha kokunamathela kukayinki okuhle, ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla okugcina ekhasi lengxenye yeyinki.
4. Ukukhethwa kwe-adhesive
Khetha into enamathelayo engakwazi ukumelana nokubila, futhi uqinisekise izinga lokuxhumanisa nokuphulukisa ngemva kokuhlanganisa.Ukwengeza, iglue elidala kufanele lisetshenziswe ngokuqapha (ngokuvamile kufanele kugwenywe), ngoba isilinganiso esisebenzayo se-ejenti eyinhloko kanye neqembu le-ejenti ephulukisayo esixazululweni se-glue alizange lilinganiswe ngesikhathi sokubekwa kweglue eligugile, kanye neglue. ungqimba uthambekele entweni eyomile.
5. Izidingo zekhwalithi ze-ethyl acetate
Amanzi nama-alcohol ku-ethyl acetate (hhayi kuphela i-ethanol, kodwa futhi okuqukethwe kwe-methanol ne-isopropanol kufanele kulawulwe) kuzosabela nge-ejenti yokwelapha ku-glue, futhi i-ejenti yokwelapha izodliwa, okuholela esimweni sokuthi ungqimba lweglue. ayiwomi.Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokushwabana kwengqimba yenjoloba yesikhwama.
B. Inqubo yokunyathelisa ye-Gravure
1. Ukukhethwa kwamamodeli kayinki athile
Ikhiqizwa ngokohlobo lweyinki olucaciswe yinqubo.Isibonelo, abanye oyinki beminye imibala abafanele ukuphrinta kwe-BOPA//PE.
2. Uma u-inki omdala uphinda usetshenziswa, kuyadingeka ukuthi wengeze uyinki omusha ongaphezu kuka-50%, futhi uyinki owonakalayo ngeke usetshenziswe.
3. Uma kunesidingo, ingxenye ethile ye-ejenti yokwelapha ingezwa kuyinki omhlophe
Kunezinjongo ezimbili zokwengeza ingxenye ethile ye-ejenti yokwelapha kuyinki omhlophe: enye iwukuthuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa kukayinki;enye iwukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti yokwelapha ngamaqembu e-resin kuyinki futhi ugweme ukuphulukiswa okungaphelele kwesendlalelo sokunamathela ehlobo.
Indlela yokwengeza: Nciphisa nge-solvent kuqala, bese uyifaka kuyinki ngenkathi ugoqoza kancane ize ihlanganiswe ngokulinganayo.
Indlela engalungile: engeza ngokuqondile i-ejenti yokwelapha ku-inki, noma uyifake ethreyini ye-inki, engeke ixubane ngokufanayo, kodwa engeke ifinyelele umphumela wokwengeza i-ejenti yokwelapha.
Ukwengeza, naka isikhathi: isikhathi ngokuvamile singamahora ayi-12, futhi i-ejenti yokwelapha uyinki yasebusuku isiphelelwe yisikhathi, noma inani elithile le-ejenti elaphayo kufanele lengezwe futhi.
4. Ukuphathwa kolwelwesi lwenayiloni oluvikela umswakama
Inayiloni imunca umswakama, futhi ijwayele ukuba nama-ruffles, imiphetho eyehlelayo, imithende, umbala onzima, nokubhaliswa kombala okungalungile ngesikhathi sokuphrinta.
Lapho uphrinta, kungcono kakhulu ukulawula izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama weshabhu yokukhiqiza.Uma umswakama wendawo yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza udlula ama-80%, ifilimu yenayiloni kulula ukumunca umswakama nokukhuphuka, okubangela uchungechunge lwezinkinga zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokuphrinta.
Ngokukhethekile, naka izici ezilandelayo: ① Ungalivuli iphakheji kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokulisebenzisa.② Zama ukuyisebenzisa ngesikhathi esisodwa, bese ugoqa ifilimu esele ngento enezici ezinhle zokuvimba.③ Uma uphrinta, iqembu lokuqala lombala alikho ku-roller yamapuleti, futhi lomiswa ngaphambili.④ Qinisekisa izinga lokushisa elifanelekile (25℃±2℃) kanye nomswakama (≤80%RH) endaweni yokusebenzela yokukhiqiza.⑤ Ifilimu enayiloni ephrintiwe kufanele ifakwe ifilimu evikela umswakama.
C. Inqubo eyinhlanganisela eyomile
1. Ukukhethwa kwenani leglue
Ibanga lenani le-gluing elijwayelekile: 2.8 ~ 3.2gsm, inani le-gluing eleqile alinancazelo emandleni okuxebuka, kodwa liyakhuphula umthwalo wokumisa.Emishinini eyinhlanganisela enomthamo onganele wokomisa, izokwandisa amathuba okuba i-delamination kanye nokuphuka kwesikhwama ngemva kokupheka.
Lapho uthola inani leglue, qaphela ngokukhethekile ukuguqulwa kokuqukethwe kwamanzi ngaphambi nangemva kokuba ifilimu ye-nylon idlule emhubheni wokumisa, othinta ukunemba kokutholwa kwenani leglue!
Uma sikhiqiza izikhwama ezibilisiwe, akufanele sibheke kuphela inani leglue, kodwa futhi sinake ukufana okuncane kwe-adhesive coating.Imingcele ye-mesh roller izothinta ngokuqondile ukufana okuncane kwe-adhesive coating.
2. Izidingo zomswakama we-ethyl acetate
Ikhwalithi engafanelekile ye-ethyl acetate (efana nomswakama owedlulele kanye notshwala) ngokuvamile iholela ezingozini zekhwalithi ezishwabene zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela.
Okuqukethwe kotshwala ku-ethyl acetate ngokuvamile akudonsi ukunaka kwamabhizinisi amaningi okupakisha avumelana nezimo.Idatha yokuhlola i-ethyl ester (i-barrel solvent) yebhizinisi lokupakisha eliguquguqukayo ithole ukuthi umkhiqizo owodwa kuphela wekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nemikhiqizo emibili yezinga lokuqala kumaqoqo angu-14.Izinga liphansi, futhi ifektri yephakheji ethambile kufanele inake.
3. Qinisekisa ukuthi ingcina yomile ngokuphelele
Ngokuvamile sinaka kuphela inani le-glue ehlanganisiwe.Eqinisweni, ukomisa okwanele ngokuvamile kuyimbangela eqondile yokuphulukiswa okungaphelele kwe-adhesive (ukumelana nokushisa okunganele kwesendlalelo sokunamathisela), i-delamination kanye nokushwabana kwesikhwama sokupakisha lapho ibilisiwe.Kukhona ukungcola okuncane kwamanzi notshwala ku-glue elungiselelwe.Ukoma okuhle kungenza umswakama kanye nokunye ukungcola kungqimba lweglue kuguquke ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwe-ejenti yokwelapha kungqimba lweglue.Ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi i-adhesive yomile ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa okomile, qaphela amaphuzu alandelayo:
(1) Ukomisa okokusebenza ngokwako, njengokuthatha komoya kanye nevolumu yokukhipha okokusebenza, nobude behhavini.
(2) Ukusetha izinga lokushisa lokumisa.
①Ukulungiselelwa kwezinga lokushisa lokumisa endaweni yokuqala.Izinga le-ethyl ester lendawo yokomisa endaweni yokuqala liphakeme kakhulu, ngakho izinga lokushisa lendawo yokuqala alikwazi ukusetha libe phezulu kakhulu (ngokuvamile lingabi ngaphezu kuka-65°C).Ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, i-solvent ebusweni bengqimba yokunamathisela ivuvukala ngokushesha futhi i-skinning ivimbela ukuphunyuka kwe-solvent yengqimba yangaphakathi engxenyeni yokomisa yezindawo zokugcina.
②Isilungiselelo se-gradient yokushisa.Izinga lokushisa likahhavini kufanele libekwe ngokuvumelana nomthetho wokwanda kancane kancane kwe-gradient, inhloso ukusheshisa ukusabalalisa kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-adhesive layer solvent endaweni eqinile kanye nendawo yokukhishwa kwephunga, nokunciphisa izinsalela ze-solvent kufilimu.
(3) Ukulungiswa komthamo womoya owuthathayo kanye nokukhipha umoya.
①Endaweni yokuhwamuka kwenqubo yokomisa, ama-valve evolumu yomoya angenayo kanye ne-exhaust kufanele avulwe aze afike phezulu, futhi i-valve yomoya ebuyayo kufanele ivalwe.
②Endaweni eyomile eqinile kanye nendawo yokuqeda iphunga, umthamo womoya obuyayo ungandiswa ngokufanelekile, okungase konga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla athile.
4. Ithonya lokushisa elizungezile kanye nomswakama
Inkathi yokushisa ephezulu kanye nomswakama ophezulu ehlobo isikhathi sokwenzeka njalo kwezingozi zekhwalithi zezingxenye ezimbili ze-polyurethane adhesive dry-process composite composite layer.Ngokusho kwemboni yokunamathisela, i-95% yempendulo yekhwalithi etholwe ehlobo ayihlobene nesendlalelo sokunamathisela.ezihlobene.Ngaphansi kwemvelo yokushisa okuphezulu nomswakama ophezulu, okuqukethwe kwamanzi emoyeni kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi kulula ukungena kuthreyi yeglue ngokusebenzisa i-volatilization ye-acetic acid ukuze kudle i-ejenti yokwelapha, ukuze isilinganiso se-ejenti eyinhloko i-adhesive kanye ne-ejenti yokwelapha ayilingani, okuholela ekunamatheleni ngemva kokuphulukiswa kwenhlanganisela.Ukunqamula ungqimba kanye nokwelapha akuphelele, futhi i-delamination kanye nokushwabana kuvela uma kubilisiwe emanzini.
Izinkampani zokupakisha eziguquguqukayo ezingenazo izimo zokulawula izinga lokushisa nomswakama wendawo yokusebenzela kufanele zinake amaphuzu alandelayo ehlobo lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nenkathi yomswakama ophezulu:
①Ngokuthola izinga lokushisa le-ambient kanye nomswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwethreyi lepulasitiki nomgqomo we-solvent, into ethi "iphoyinti lamazolo" ingagwenywa.Uma kwenzeka "iphuzu lamazolo", kusho ukuthi inani elikhulu lomswakama emoyeni lingena ethreyini lepulasitiki, futhi kulula kakhulu ukuthi ungqimba lwenjoloba lome.
②Izikhwama ezibilisiwe kufanele zigweme izikhathi zokuswakama okuphezulu ukuze zicutshungulwe ngesikhathi samalungiselelo okukhiqiza.
③Ibhakede le-ethyl acetate kanye nebhakede lokujikeleza kweglue elisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kufanele limbozwe futhi livalwe.Uma kusetshenziswa ithreyi lepulasitiki elivalwe kancane, umthelela womswakama wendawo ungancishiswa nakakhulu.
5. Izidingo zenqubo yokuvuthwa
Izimo zokuguga ezijwayelekile: izinga lokushisa 50 ~ 55 ℃, amahora angama-48.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, naka ukufana kokuphulukiswa kwayo yonke ifilimu: ① ukuthi izinga lokushisa elibonisiwe liyahambisana yini nezinga lokushisa langempela eduze nomqulu wefilimu (izinga lokushisa langempela lezinhlangothi ezingenhla, eziphansi, kwesokunxele, nekwesokudla zefilimu. roll);② ukuthi umoya oseduze nomqulu wefilimu ungafinyelela yini ukugeleza okusebenzayo;③ indawo ephendukayo Umphumela wezinga lokushisa ekwelapheni: Kunenqubo ethile yokudlulisa ukushisa, noma ngabe izimo zokuphulukisa zefilimu eyinhlanganisela ewumongo ziyahlangabezana nezidingo.(Lokhu kungase kube isici esikhulu sekhwalithi engahambisani.)
D. inqubo yokwenza isikhwama
Amandla okuvalwa kokushisa kwesikhwama esibilisiwe angcono, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ikhwalithi yayo yonke inqwaba iyadingeka ukuze izinze, njengokuthi: ① akukho mkhuba omubi wasendaweni wokuvala;② akukho mkhuba omubi wokutywinwa kuqoqo lonke.
Lapho wenza izikhwama zokupakisha ezibilisiwe, naka amaphuzu alandelayo:
① Ngaphansi kwesimo sokuqinisekisa ukubukeka kokuvala, setha izinga lokushisa elithe ukuba phezulu kancane ukuze ugweme into engazinzile yekhwalithi yokuvala ukushisa okubangelwa ukuchezuka kokuqina kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela.
② Ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okuvamile, ukuvala onqenqemeni kufanele kuqinisekise izikhathi ezintathu ezisebenzayo zokuvala ukushisa.Lapho umshini ucishiwe bese uvulwa futhi, ingaphezulu lengxenye ecindezelwe kanye noma kabili ingase ipholiswe uma ivulwa futhi (ukucindezela kokuqala okushisayo kungadlala indima yokushisa kuqala), futhi inombolo yangempela yokuvalwa kokushisa okusebenzayo kuphindwe kabili kuphela Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka futhi ukusetha izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuvala ukushisa (ukuvalwa kokushisa kungaba kuhle ngemva kwezikhathi ezimbili zokucindezela okushisayo), ukuze ugweme inani elincane lokuvalwa kahle. into lapho umshini ucishiwe bese uvuliwe.
③Iningi lezikhwama ezibilisiwe ziwuketshezi, okudinga ukumelana nokwehla okuphezulu kwezikhwama zokupakisha.Gwema ukusika ngaphansi konqenqema oluvalwe ngokushisa ngesikhathi sokwenza izikhwama, ikakhulukazi unqenqema lommese ovala ukushisa akufanele lube bukhali kakhulu, futhi kufanele lushaywe noma lupholishwe ngendlela efanele..
E. Izidingo zokuhlola
1. Ukumeleleka Kwesampula
①Uma isampuli yokuqala iqinisekiswa, inani lesampula elilodwa eliqhubekayo kufanele limboze ubude bayo yonke imimese yokuvala, ukuze kugwenywe ngempumelelo into yokuvaleka kahle kancane kanye nokuhlolwa okugejiwe.
②Isampula ukuthatha amasampula ngemva kokuthi ukulungisa iphutha sekujwayelekile, lungisa izinga lokushisa lokuvalwa kokushisa, ingcindezi, nesivinini somshini, futhi uqinisekise kabusha ngemva kokufaka umqulu wefilimu.
2. Ukusebenza kokutholwa kwamandla ophawu lokushisa kanye nendlela yokwahlulela
①Indlela elungile ukusika unqenqema lwesikhwama oluvalwe ngokushisa lube umugqa omncane ongu-20-30mm bese usidabula siqonde emugqeni wokuvala.
②Akufanele kube khona okwenzekayo ukuthi ububanzi obungaphezu kuka-2mm bungadatshulwa ngaphakathi konqenqema lokuvala.Uma kungenjalo, amandla afaneleka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa emshinini, kodwa isendlalelo sokuvala ukushisa asihlanganisiwe ngokuphelele, okuholela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwamandla okuvala ngesikhathi sokubilisa kanye nesenzakalo sokuphulwa kwesikhwama ngenxa yokubilisa.Uma isikhwama sihlukanisiwe kusixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili zangaphakathi ze-PE onqenqemeni lokuvala ngemva kokubiliswa emanzini, siyingxenye yenkinga ukuthi umkhawulo wokuvala ukushisa awunamandla.
3. Amaphuzu asemqoka okuhlola abilayo
(1) Indlela yesampula
① Ngemuva kokuthi umshini wokuhlola wesikhwama sokupakisha esibilisiwe ujwayelekile, umhloli uzokhetha ngokungahleliwe nangokuqhubekayo izikhwama zesampula ezimbalwa kumugqa ngamunye esikhwameni somshini wokuhlola (inani lamasampula adingekayo ukuvala ubude bommese wokuvala), bese ephatha khipha ukuhlolwa okubilayo ngemva kokuvalwa ngamanzi.
②Uma wenza isampula yezikhwama ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, sebenzisa umaka ukuze umake ngokucacile isikhwama nezikhombisi-ndlela ezingakwesokunxele nezingakwesokudla ukuze unqume ngokunembile indawo yommese wokuvala lapho ukuvala ukushisa kungaqini.
③ Uma izimo zenqubo evamile yokukhiqiza zishintsha kakhulu, njengejubane lomshini, ukulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa, njll., kuyadingeka ukwenza isampula kabusha ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlolwa.
④ Ngemuva kweshifu ngayinye, ukuphinda kuthathwe isampula kufanele kubiliswe ukuhlolwa kokusebenza.
⑤Hlukanisa futhi ubhekane nemikhiqizo engafanelekile etholwe kunqubo ngesikhathi.
(2) Izimo zokuhlola
①Faka umthamo wamanzi ongu-1/3 kuya ku-1/2 esikhwameni sokupakisha, bese uzama ukukhipha umoya lapho uvala.Uma umoya omningi uvalekile, kulula ukubangela ukungaboni ngaso linye.Isivalo sanezelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okubilayo ukuze kwandiswe kancane ukucindezela ngaphakathi kwesikhwama.
②Isikhathi sokubilisa singaphansi kwemibandela yokusetshenziswa kwekhasimende, noma ngokuya ngezindinganiso zokuhlola ezifanele.
(3) Izinga leziqu zokuhlola
① Akukho ukushwabana okuphelele noma okuyingxenye kanye ne-delamination ebusweni besikhwama;amandla ekhasi atholwa ngokuzwa kwesandla ngemva kokubilisa.
② I-inki yokunyathelisa ayinakho ukushintsha kombala noma ukopha;
③ Akukho ukuvuza nokuphuka kwesikhwama;akukho mkhuba osobala onqenqemeni onqenqemeni lokuvala (ububanzi bonqenqema obugijimayo bulawulwa ngaphakathi kuka-2mm).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-05-2022